Blue-and-white porcelain: the basic year of porcelain can be judged from the blue-and-white material
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Blue and white porcelain is a kind of under-glaze colored porcelain.According to historical records: As early as the end of the Tang Dynasty, Henan’s Gongxian kiln began to burn blue-and-white porcelain, at that time we called it ‘Tang Qinghua’, but the burning technology failed, and the middle stopped for three or four hundred years.Until the mid-Yuan Dynasty, with the development of porcelain-making industry, and re-burn the blue-and-white porcelain.From the Yuan Dynasty (1206 AD) to 811 years, the Millennium porcelain capital Jingdezhen in the burning of various types of blue and white porcelain, the use of blue and white materials according to its chronological classification, a total of seven kinds: Su Ma from blue, stone green, equal green, back to green, Zhejiang materials, pearl, modern green materials.
From this we can see that if we really grasp and understand the characteristics of the above seven kinds of green materials, it will play a role in the identification of porcelain in the future!
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Yuan. Qinɡ Hua
1. Su Ma Li Qing:The book is also known as Su mud green, in fact, is a kind of.It has three characteristics: one is to apply green material thin place on the porcelain will generally appear fainting phenomenon;The second is in the application of green material thick place and will appear ‘iron rust spot’;The third in Hongwu early appeared in the earth (pebble green), and it will be mixed with the blue color of the color of the gray, not the original dark blue, and in the magnifying glass will appear a lot of different sizes of bubbles.It is worth noting that this kind of sou material has been used in large quantities with pebbles since the Yongxuan two dynasties because of its long journey and expensive price in the Samara region of Iraq in Western Asia.Moreover, as Zheng He’s seven trips to the West brought back a large number of Su materials, these Su materials have been used to Wanli 19 years or so before exhausted.From this, we can draw the following conclusion: all the porcelain made of pure Su is generally from Yuan Dynasty to Hongwu;Most of Yongxuan to Chenghua use mixed green materials, a few still make pure Su materials;Hunan TV station “East Treasure Seeking” the sixth season of the national audition registration; one three one four two zero two zero five-fiveIn the 19 years of Chenghua, almost all of them use mixed green materials.
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Minɡ Yonɡ Le. Chrysanthemum morifolium L.
2. Pebble green material:The green material is the earliest green material of Hongwu early period of Ming Dynasty, because the technology was not fully mature, so that when it was used alone, its color turned gray and black, dark, the overall feeling is not bright, not beautiful.Because of its characteristics, so that it in the early Ming Dynasty in the production of the official kiln almost no single use of stone green, can only participate in the Su Ma from the green, mixed with it.To Tianshun, Jingtai period, because of the appearance of the elegant, beautiful equal green, so that the stone green material fell into the folk, as the main kiln ware green material, that is to say: to Tianshun, Jingtai period, any official kiln no longer use stone green material, and the burning of folk porcelain, Hongwu from the Ming Dynasty throughout the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, until the early Republic of China, has been the use of gravel green materials, it is China’s folk porcelain burning process the longest use of green materials, which provides us with green materials to identify the age of porcelain provides a strong basis.
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To become clear and clear. blue-and-white tangled lotus flower bottle with gourd pattern
3. Equal green materials:This kind of green material first appeared in the mid-Ming Tianshun, Jingtai and Leping area of Jiangxi Province, often used in Chenghua, Hongzhi, Zhengde three official kiln, a total of about 70 years.The composition of the green material contains less iron content, making its color soft and elegant, almost no fainting phenomenon, and there is an essential difference between the hemp and hemp blue material.Its dyeing in porcelain after firing, the color is blue in a little gray, but clear, bright, containing less impurities.In the course of identifying the porcelain age, if we have identified or identified the blue and white material on the porcelain is equal to the green, then it is certain that this porcelain is the product of the mid-decade of the next 70 years.
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There are thousands of calendar days in the Ming Dynasty. blue-and-white flower-and-bird plate
4. Recycling materials:In the later years of the Ming Dynasty, with the development of Jingdezhen porcelain industry, they imported green materials from Western Asia and Xinjiang. This kind of green material is very expensive, but it can be compared with gold at that time. Because of its expensive price, so many porcelain materials are mixed with gravel green materials. This reduces the cost.When this kind of green material is used alone in porcelain, it will appear bright blue, and blue purple;When participating in a small amount of gravel green material, the color will appear bright, slightly purple-blue;When the proportion of the stone green material is larger than that of the back green material, the color of grey-blue will appear on the porcelain.The service life of Hui Qing is about 130 years from Zhengde period in Ming Dynasty to Chongzhen-I dynasty in late Ming Dynasty.
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Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. Euphorbia laevigata
5. Zhejiang Materials:In the late Ming Dynasty, because of political instability and years of war, the state treasury empty, Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory has been unable to continue the use of expensive recycling materials.Seven years, the Royal Kiln Factory from Zhejiang’s Jinhua, Shaoxing area to find a more than 5 times cheaper than recycled green material (named Zhejiang), this kind of green material in the domestic blue material material is the best material, it has a strong color when heavy, light color when elegant characteristics.From the late Ming Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty in the period of Guangxu, almost all the porcelain production of official kilns used Zhejiang materials, the longest use (up to 270 years).
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Qing Kangxi. Blue and white “red brush biography” picture mallet bottle
6. Pearl material:The earliest discovery of pearl material on porcelain should be the late Chongzhen, which is mainly produced in Yunnan, Jiangxi and Fujian, but its quality is much lower than that of Yunnan, so almost all the green materials used in the kiln are from the pearl material in Yunnan. The folk green materials are all used in Fujian and Jiangxi provinces.Pearl is characterized by: high content of manganese, color stability, bright color, its natural color is blue in gray, strong sense of hierarchy.It can produce wonderful effects when mixed with other green materials: when mixing with pebble green to a proper proportion, it shows a more distinct layer on the porcelain, that is, the effect that we often say to divide the ink into five colors;When mixed with an appropriate proportion of Zhejiang, it produces a more exotic, sapphire-like effect, which we often call ’emerald blue’.In addition, may be because of the war, from the Ming Chongzhen to the Qing Shunzhi in the past thirty years, the production of the official kiln almost in a state of discontinuation, only a small number of civilian kiln production, so on the face of the world we can hardly see this period of the official kiln, Nature is harder to get to the pearl on the kilns of this period.But by the time of Emperor Kangxi, it was probably the reason that Emperor Kangxi loved the pearl-ming material, which was widely used, almost throughout the porcelain-making industry of the whole Kangxi Dynasty, and by the time of Yongzheng, which was less used, and by the time of Qianlong 15 years (1751) the pearl-making material was withdrawn from the porcelain-making industry. The actual service life of pearl material should be less than 100 years.
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In the present age. autumn blue-and-white porcelain pot
7. Modern Green Material:With the development of society, by the early years of the Republic of China, modern green materials, often used as chemical green materials, were produced artificially and at a low price.This kind of green material in the price than the above six kinds of green material the cheapest price is 10 times lower than the above, the author has also come to Jingdezhen know, now a catty of green material than we eat a catty of tea oil is also cheap.Because of this, from the Republic of China to the middle of 100 years, can be widely used.Its characteristic is: the stability is not strong, shows the floating feeling on the porcelain;Moreover, as the above-mentioned six kinds of green material (the mineral data of homogeneous system), it can not penetrate into the fetal bone on the porcelain tyre.There is also the longer the age, this material will have obvious aging, yellow, gray phenomenon, it will not be like the mineral materials green material as never fade…