Introduction to the Fetal Body of Hongwu Qinghua of Ming Dynasty

[1] Hongwu blue-and-white porcelain is mainly painted, supplemented by stacking process.Hongwu blue-and-white porcelain decoration painting layout is sparse, concise and smooth, changing the Yuan Dynasty multi-level layout, decorative and elaborate characteristics, leaving more white land.The painting of the official kiln utensils is more delicate and delicate, the painting method is neat and neat, the painting of the folk kiln ware is more natural and realistic, and the painting is simple and unrestrained, creating the early Ming Dynasty “a stroke of points and strokes”.The decorative patterns selected by Hongwu Qing-hua were monotonous compared with the adjacent dynasties before and after. All kinds of creases, twining flowers and flowers were used the most, and some animal patterns, such as dragon and phoenix patterns, were also used.In addition, courtyard lake stone, stone fence plantain, old cold three friends, mandarin duck pond, ganoderma grain and so on are also common.In the Yuan Dynasty, algal fish patterns were rarely seen in the usual drama stories.The bowl, the bottom heart has the book cursive blessing, the longevity character.There is also a use of internal printing, outside the decoration of blue and white practice.The main patterns of Hongwu blue and white flowers are dragon, stone, peony, plum, bamboo, pine, chrysanthemum, camellia, rose, lotus, banana, sea water and so on.Auxiliary decoration has curly grass grain, twining branch ganoderma lucidum grain, double layer lotus leaf grain, honeysuckle grass grain, back grain, Ruyi cloud grain, treasure phase mass pattern and so on.Compared with the patterns of Yuan Dynasty, Hongwu Qinghua has shown some characteristics of its own times, such as the level of decoration began to decrease, the leaves of camellia leaves and banana leaves white leaves do not fill the color, passionflower leaves and peony leaves generally reduced, obviously thin, and produce deformation, Some leaves have obvious acuminate phenomenon.The chrysanthemum lines are painted into flat ellipsoid, which has the characteristics of the times.Most of the creased or tangled lotus lines were screw-shaped, while the most twisted lotus lines in Yuan Dynasty were cucurbit-shaped.At the same time, the shape of the leaves in Yuan Dynasty was larger, and the leaves were larger than those in Hongwu.The layout of the pattern gradually became sparse, began to change the Yuan Dynasty decorative multi-level, full of pattern style.Most of the dragon patterns are painted with clouds and dragons. The image is not as fierce as the Yuan Dynasty.The faucet is small, thin neck, boa body, make take-off shape, the head portrays simple, single angle or double angle, the faucet has the hair that sweep backward mostly, later picture has vertical hair.Claw has three claw to five claw, three claw more, between the claws drawn more separate, in the shape of a wheel.Scale is small circular arc, left white edge, three-dimensional strong sense.Often accompanied by moire, cloud-shaped thick short, in the form of a pictograph arrangement, bent to one side.It is similar to the Yuan Dynasty. It leaves white on one side of the lotus petals at the top of the flower. It shows the interval between the petals and the level of the flowers. The leaves around the patch are the thin, screw-shaped curly leaves, which are more realistic than those in the Yuan Dynasty.Banana leaves broad and plump, banana leaf center of the main stem double-line hook drawn into a parallel vertical line, white in the middle not filled with color, two banana leaves stacked between a banana leaf, leaf tip slightly round, leaf edge painted into a fine and dense saw-tooth shape, contour line with a compound pen rendering.Lotus flower stamens have pomegranate-shaped, round, round flower stamens with beaded lines around them.Petals painted gramineous or deformable in lotus shape.Leaves smaller than the Yuan Dynasty, like screw-shaped.The chrysanthemum pattern takes the flat chrysanthemum as many, the flat chrysanthemum grain appears the circle, the flower center draws the oblique net or the spiral shape.The outer part of the stamen is drawn with a double-line hook.Petals have two and three layers, the innermost layer is small white petals, only line drawing and not color;The outer petals are colored, each with a white edge on the top and side of the petals, showing the level of the petals.Chrysanthemum leaves generally painted gourd-shaped, leaves on both sides of one or two bifurcations, showing a more lively picture.

[2] In the shape of more or less inherited the Yuan Dynasty Pianfu porcelain simple and honest style, especially the kiln utensils, such as skipping plates, bowls, the middle of the body below the gradually thick, some with the same porcelain, or broken waist, or the heart with the overlap burning pad traces.Ornamental kiln is some innovation, the intention is to get rid of the heavy style of Yuan porcelain, for the beautiful elegant Yongle porcelain has laid the foundation.Hongwu blue and white porcelain is not as rich as Yuan blue and white porcelain, large pieces of utensils more, the main varieties are very large bowl, big lid can, rhombus mouth, rhombus mouth large plate, pear-shaped pot, holding pot, jade pot spring bottle, melon rim pot, pomegranate, high foot cup, censer and so on.The main body of the holding pot is in the style of jade jug spring jug, which is also called jade jug spring jug, and there are two kinds of size.Large general height about 30 cm, small about 20 cm high, the main body for small abutment or small straight mouth, slender neck, obliquely shoulder abundant abdomen, full abdomen.The long flow is curved, the flow mouth is lower than the pot mouth, the flow mouth is connected with the pot body with a cloud-shaped tie, the other side is a handle with a high shape, the top of the handle is flat with the pot mouth, the pot cover is a pagoda-shaped dome, and the top has an interpolated fire pearl button, the overall shape is compared with the spring bottle of the jade pot at the same time, The shoulder abdomen is slightly thin small, the lower abdomen sinks to appear the round abdomen shape.The jade pot spring bottle modelling and Yuan Dynasty basically same, also has the size two kinds, only the neck is plump some, the abdomen slightly sinks, the circle foot is low.The shape of the cupola is over 60 cm, the shape is skimming mouth, short neck, round shoulder, curling abdomen, skimming foot.The abdomen has the melon ridge shape, the bottom foot flat, the bottom inside concave, does not have the glaze, the sand bottom, the pot cover is broad or the lotus leaf shape, the top has the fire bead shape button.The diameter of rhombus palps is about 20 cm, the wide plate is folded along rhombus mouth, shallow arc wall, outer wall is eight-petal lotus shape, the inner side of rhombus brackets has a rhombus, which is used to place the fixed cup.Shallow circle foot, for Hongwu period unique shape system.The diameter of rhomboid mouth is in 40 to 55 cm, rhomboid mouth is shaped, disk mouth is 12 or 16 lotus shape, wide plate is folded along, shallow abdomen, arc wall, short circle foot, fine sand bottom, generally more molding.Extra large bowl diameter in 40 to 55 cm, mouth-shaped, straight mouth, round lips, curved deep abdomen, upright circle foot.[3] The green flowers of Hongwu Guan Kiln mainly use the domestic blue materials with low iron content, high manganese content and underrefined. The green materials have gray tone and light gray color, and some iron rust spots are deep into the fetal bones. This is because cobalt materials contain metal manganese and iron impurities.A part of the light blue color, stable color, non-faint, color density can often be seen scattered with a number of small impurities, on the contrary, showing the level of blue and white.There is also a light color containing dark blue spots, a small number of faint.Hongwu green flower is different from the typical pure green flower, the world is different from the typical Yongle, Xuande green flower rich color translation and has its own characteristics.The Ming Dynasty Yongle, Xuande Qinghua mostly imported Sumai blue material fired, the color of the back flowers decorated with a little bit of silver black crystal spots.This kind of green material is rich in iron and low in manganese.Facts have proved that if the blue-and-white material does not cover under the glaze, it will be black. It is similar to the works of Yao-zhou kiln in Tang Dynasty.If the cover is fired under the glaze, the finished product is gray-blue.

[4] The body of Hongwu blue-and-white porcelain is heavier, but thinner than that of the same kind in the Yuan Dynasty.Because it’s white.Most of the body of the kiln is slightly containing impurities, iron oxide black and yellow defects, occasionally small pieces of slag adhered to the kiln, showing a light gray-white.The glaze layer is thick and smooth, white in the pan-green, the later glaze color tends to fade, has extremely weak egg white.Some kilns are grayish or grayish because of a slightly thicker body.The degree of vitrification of enamel is higher, the glaze is rarely open, and the glaze is delicate and clean.The base of jade pot spring bottle, hold pot and big bowl brush white glaze, thin place turn yellow, thick place is milky white or cyan.Other objects are sand bottom, brush Hongwu unique ocher red pulp, can be found in the traces of brush pulp, tire can be seen at the spot star-like or large flint red.The disk, the bowl and so on circle dig foot is shallow, the foot wall is thicker, the heel is flat cut, some base foot center still has the chicken heart point, some inside heart still has sand ring stack to burn the astringent ring that the method leaves, show light red (commonly known as kiln red).At this time, there are a variety of forms of a wide circle foot, the common vortex-shaped platform foot, high foot, the inner wall slant outside inclined ring foot, etc.In addition, the kiln blue and white bowl, the bottom of the glaze-free, circle foot deep high, some dig foot over the shoulder, residual scraping marks and concentric circular jump knife marks.

[5] Up to now, Hongwu Qinghua official kiln ware has not seen a year.There is only one plum vase, shoulder seal book “Chun Shou” word.The kiln blue-and-white ware also did not see year-old porcelain soil to wash the different thickness, the fetal quality also has the thick fine.Official kiln due to fine technology, the general degree of porcelain is higher, so the body compact fine!